13.2.2.1 Adjunct gerund clauses

13. Clauses‎ > ‎13.2. Subordinate clauses‎ > ‎13.2.2 Gerund clauses (IP-GER)‎ > ‎

As a clause modifier, IP-GER may be represented immediately under IP or under a PP headed by em.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *exp*)
	  (ADVP (ADV Já))
	  (HV-D houve)
	  (NP-ACC (N-P homens)
		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO que))
			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
				  (IP-GER (FP até) (VB-G morrendo))
				  (SR-D foram)
				  (ADJP (ADJ-P ciosos)))))
	  (. .))
  (TYCHO BRAHE; ID C_001_PSD,41.683))

( (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (C Quando)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
			  (VB-D recebi)
			  (NP-ACC (D-F a) (PRO$-F sua) (N carta))))
	  (, ,)
	  (ADVP (ADV já))
	  (NP-SBJ (D o) (PRO$ meu) (N homem))
	  (TR-D tinha)
	  (VB-PP partido)
	  (PP (P para)
	      (NP (NPR Oliveira)))
	  (, ,)
	  (IP-GER (VB-G levando)
		  (PP (P con@)
		      (NP (PRO @sigo)))
		  (NP-ACC (D-F a)
			  (N justificação)
			  (PP (P de@)
			      (NP (D @o) (N roubo)))
			  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO que))
				  (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					  (NP-SBJ *pro*)
					  (VB-D tirou)
					  (PP (P em)
					      (NP (D o) (NPR Assumar)))))))
	  (. .))
  (POST SCRIPTUM; ID CARDS0059,.1))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
	  (PP (P Em)
	      (IP-GER (ET-G estando)
		      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ-F-P maduras))))
	  (, ,)
	  (ET-P-3P estão)
	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ-F-P pretas))
	  (, ,))
  (CORDIAL-SIN; ID OUT04,41))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ E)
	  (, ,)
	  (PP (P em)
	      (IP-GER (VB-G jazendo)
		      (NP-SBJ (D o) (N conde))
		      (ADJP (ADJ-G doente))))
	  (, ,)
	  (VB-D veeo)
	  (IP-INF (VB veer))
	  (NP-SBJ (D-UM hũu)
		  (N conde)
		  (PP (P de)
		      (NP (NPR França)))
		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO que))
			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
				  (VB-D hya)
				  (PP (P ẽ)
				      (NP (N romarya)))
				  (PP (P a)
				      (NP (NPR Santiago))))))
	  (. .))
  (WOChWEL; ID CGE369,.5))

Dialectally, IP-GER can also be dominated by CP-ADV:

( (IP-MAT (CONJ E)
	  (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
	  (NP-1 (PRO eu))
	  (, ,)
	  (CP-ADV (C como)
		  (IP-GER (SR-G sendo)
			  (NP-PRD (D o)
				  (ADJP (ADV-R mais) (ADJ velho)))))
	  (, ,)
	  (SR-P-3S é)
	  (CP-CLF (WNP-2 0)
		  (C que)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
			  (SR-D-1S fui)
			  (ADVP (ADV sempre))
			  (NP-PRD (D o)
				  (ADJP (ADV-R mais) (ADJ escravo)))))
	  (. .))
  (CORDIAL-SIN; ID AAL35,26))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
	  (CP-ADV (C Quando)
		  (IP-GER (NP-SBJ (PRO ele))
			  (ET-G estando)
			  (ADVP (ADV-R demais))))
	  (, ,)
	  (FP já)
	  (VB-P-3S cheira)
	  (PP (P a)
	      (ADJP (ADJ azedo)))
	  (. .))
  (CORDIAL-SIN; ID PAL30,51))

Gerund clauses can also modify a noun phrase. In this case IP-GER is immediately dominated by NP:

( (IP-MAT (SR-D Foi)
	  (VB-AN-F (VB-AN entregue) (CONJ e) (VB-AN-F lida))
	  (PP (P pel@)
	      (NP (D @o) (ADJ 1º) (N secretário)))
	  (NP-SBJ (D-UM um)
		  (N requerimento)
		  (PP (P d@)
		      (NP (D @o)
			  (N sócio)
			  (ADJ efetivo)
			  (NPR (NPR Caetano)
			       (NPR Porfirio)
			       (P de)
			       (NPR Campos)))))
		  (IP-GER (VB-G pedindo)
			  (CP-THT (C que)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
					  (NP-SE-1 (CL se))
					  (VB-SD distribuísse)
					  (PP (P pel@)
					      (NP (D-P @os) (N-P sócios)))
					  (NP-ACC (D-P os)
						  (ADJ-G-P exemplares)
						  (PP (P d@)
						      (NP (D @o)
							  (N projeto)
							  (PP (P d@)
							      (NP (D-P @os) (N-P estatutos))))))))))
	  (, ,))
  (TYCHO BRAHE; ID VA_002_SPL,266.2905))

Just like in the annotation of infinitival clauses, when the subject of a gerund clause is not lexically realized, no null category is inserted, except in the case of sentences with overtly inflected gerund (see Null subjects in non-finite clauses):

( (IP-MAT (CONJ E)
	  (PP (P em)
	      (IP-GER (NP-SBJ *pro*)                                ☜ null subject
		      (FP bem)
		      (NP-DAT (CL lhe))
		      (VB-G-F-3P partindem)                 ☜ overtly inflected gerund	
		      (NP-ACC (D-F a) (N casa))))
	  (, ,)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO eles))
	  (VB-P-3P morrem)
	  (. .))
  (CORDIAL-SIN; ID CBV72,11))